In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko identified the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is primarily due to the insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, used as a Uncooked product First soften (Czochralski strategy) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its manufacturing technologies, niobium pentoxide can adopt a wide range of compositions Nb2O5−x. So, after ST https://-lithiumniobatecrystal24578.uzblog.net/not-known-facts-about-lithium-niobate-crystal-46420753